estimated in the artic permafrost 1
A layer of soil and rock beneath the surface that stays frozen all year. It contains large quantities of organic carbon leftover from dead plants that didn't decompose due to the cold.
If with climate warming permafrost thaws microbes will decompose the organic material and release greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and methane into the atmosphere.
During the last Ice Age, steppes with millions of mammoths, bison, horses, reindeers, tigers, wolves and numerous other animals occupied vast landscapes, spanning from Spain to Canada and from the Arctic islands to China. The first humans came to this place and quickly killed most animals, driving many species extinct, and destroying the fragile symbiosis between plants and animals. We want to reintroduce these animals back to their ancient land and let them transform it.
Horses, bison and musk ox are grazing together for the first time in 10,000 years the Pleistocene Park; proving that high productive grazing ecosystem can flourish today